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Edukacija za transakcionog psihoterapeuta | Edukacija za transakcionog psihoterapeuta |
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| Autor: Zoran Milivojevic | |
| Monday, 02 June 2008 | |
Edukacija i sertifikacija u transakcionoj analizi Zoran Milivojević Međunarodni format edukacije i sertifikacije
Od pripravnika do učitelja
Uslovi za postajanje sertifikovanim transakcionim analitičarem u psihoterapiji
Problemi treninga u našoj zemlji
Edukacija u transakconoj analizi je povezana sa postojanjem zvaničnih edukatora. Upravo su ti edukatori, kao ovlašćeni pojedinci, a u poslednjoj deceniji i kao udruženi u edukativne centre i institute, agens širenja transakcone analize u različitim zemljama. Princip edukacije i treninga je sledeći: ovlašćeni učitelj okuplja oko sebe jednu grupu zainteresovanih koje edukuje, trenira i supervizira, na osnovu međunarodnih standrarda i priprema ih za međunarodni ispit iz transakcione analize. Osoba koja ispuni propisane uslove (broj sati naprednog treninga, iskustva u primeni transakcone analize, supervizija i slično) i koja zadovolji u smislu ličnog postignuća i dovoljnog kvaliteta u radu s klijentima, izlazi na međunarodni ispit i ako ga položi dobija status sertifikovanog transakcionog analitičara.
For correct translation of this article in English click on Opširnije one line down. Zoran Milivojević There exists a certain tendency among transactional analysts to take pride in the process of transactional analysis education and certification being very differentiated, developed and complex. In that sense the TA education process surpass psychoanalysis in its complexity and is considered as one of the most developed. This viewpoint implies to an incorrect assumption that such education system can guarantee quality of therapists that have completed it. For example, few years ago one transactional analyst in Great Britain has been convicted of pedophilia. One of the reasons for TA education process’ great complexity is that transactional analysis as psychological theory has developed in four, sometimes very different branches (psychotherapy, counseling, education and organizational practice). These four basic branches have been present in education as four basic specializations, each with its own certification system. Here we shall discuss solely about Transactional Analysis Psychotherapy (TAP). One of the basic work techniques in transactional analysis is the contract. For example, a contract between therapist and client clearly defines and makes work goals operational; however it also defines other aspects of the relationship. It does not represents only a matter of practical mean, however it is also an ethical mean since the client receives the message that s/he is a responsible adult human being controlling her/his destiny. Therefore it is very important to make everything clear to the client and to receive the client’s explicit consent in all aspects. In that sense, the contract is the basic mean that defines the trilateral relationship between the student, her/his educator and supervisor and the professional association during the education. Insisting to have a contract and clear procedures led to the development of numerous clearly defined and developed procedures that shape certification within TA. Although the practitioners within the transactional analysis organization are quite proud of such defined education and certification model, according to our opinion, at the same it represents huge disadvantage of this school. Namely, the entire model appears rather repelling to future psychotherapists, especially concerning the concurrent models and modes of psychotherapeutic education and certification Format of international education and certification The transactional analysis education is based on individuals that hold status of official, internationally accepted educators and/or supervisors, which gather students in their local environments. The internationally recognized educators and supervisors have the following titles on English language in all fours areas of TA practice: Teaching and Supervising Transactional Analyst (TSTA), Teaching Transactional Analyst (TTA), Supervising Transactional Analyst (STA), Provisional Teaching and Supervising Transactional Analyst (PTSTA), Provisional Teaching Transactional Analyst (PTTA) and Provisional Supervising Transactional Analyst (PSTA). Simultaneously, at international level, there exists a clear and solid structure which provides accreditation, credibility and authority for those individuals. That structure is the International Transactional Analysis Association (ITAA) www.ITAA-net.org; at regional, European level, it is the European Association of Transactional Analysis (EATA) www.euronews.org. Throughout the years, transactional analysis education has been developing under the influence of the following three factors: global, regional and local. Thanks to the fact that ITAA was formed in 1965, prior to the death of Erik Bern (in 1970), the founder of transactional analysis, the authority of its founder also contributed at the very beginning of the transactional analysis system of education and certification for it to be established and unified at global level. However, during the last fifteen years there exists a certain level of disintegration, with the regional associations defining their interests and in smaller or larger degree taking over the certification system. An association has been formed in Latin America (ALAT), one in Europe (EATA) and one in the West-Pacific area (WPATA). Despite all, the principle of internationality has been kept, since all of these associations, within its basis mutually accept the education and certificates. At local level, the educators gather students in educational groups and when the number of interested candidates increases sufficiently, they usually form a local association. Even though in some states there exists only one national association, in many countries there exist several such associations. Also, it is a practice for more educators to form an institute or training and supervision centre that covers certain area. In the last decade number of universities has been formed (especially in England) that offer as part of post-graduate studies an opportunity to acquire ‘Master in Transactional Analysis’ and at the same time to prepare for passing a certification examination with international or regional association. From an Apprentice to an Educator Transactional analyst education composes of two asymmetric levels; first or basic level and second or advanced level that leads to acquiring transactional analyst certificate. Basic Education. The entry door in transactional analysis education is completing an introductory course called TA 101. During this course one receives an insight in basic transactional analysis theory. It covers the basic concepts such as frame of reference, ego states, strokes and discounts, games, life script, symbiosis, etc. Education at this level lasts minimum two days (starter format) up to ten days (introductory format). It is very important for the course leader to be a certified TA educator. Advanced education. Due to the fact that transactional analysis’s application is so widespread (four areas), the introductory course is practically open for different profiles, including beginners, which understand it as a ‘mini’ school of life. Thus, the correct structuring of educational groups begins at the advanced course. Even if there exists certain overlapping, taking in consideration transactional analysis’s application areas in which person is being educated, it is of great importance for the groups to be specialized. Considering the relatedness and type of application, it is logical for the psychiatry practice educational groups to be joint with the transactional analysis counseling groups, during the initial and secondary education phase. Apart from grasping theory, the advanced education is dedicated to development of different perception skills, up to action skills in transactional analysis psychotherapy application. Insisting on development of skills is one of the reasons due to which the education is generally referred to as training. The advanced training requires a concrete psychotherapeutic work with people, however under regular supervision. One of the conditions is acquiring variety of practical and personal experience in psychotherapeutic work. In addition, the transactional analyst in training is required to include individual or group work for self-development (script analysis). When the candidate fulfills all necessary conditions, achieves acceptable level of personal accomplishment and satisfactory level of quality work with client, s/he proceeds to taking a Certified Transactional Analyst examination. Examination for Certified Transactional Analyst. The examination is composed of two parts within different time frames. Firstly, one takes written examination and after its successful completion, an oral examination follows. The written examination is a case-study written in a given form. The goal of this case-study serves for the candidate to asses a certain patient based on transactional analysis principle, however, what is most important, is for the candidate to demonstrate her/his knowledge of theory as well as connection between theoretical knowledge and interventions and techniques while working with a given client. Part of this work is one type of professional self-portrait. The scope of work is defined by number of characters. The work is translated on English language and it is submitted to one of the examination coordinators. It is very important to emphasize that the work is anonymous; therefore, the evaluator does not know the name and surname of the candidate. Thus, the work is not submitted directly to the evaluator, however to the written examinations coordinator, which forwards the work to an evaluator. If the work receives a positive mark, the candidate shall be informed. However, if the work receives a negative mark, it is sent to another evaluator; if the second evaluator also gives a negative mark, than the work is definitely rejected. Such candidate either corrects her/his work or writes another one and submits it after certain time period. If the work receives a positive mark, the candidate has the right to take an oral examination, usually after time period of three months after receiving the written work notification. The transactional analyst oral examination is an international examination by a four-member committee, with minimal status of Certified Transactional Analyst. In other words, it is needed to have number of transactional analysts gathered in order to have an oral examination. Therefore, the oral examinations traditionally take place prior annual congresses or other gatherings that congregate larger number of transactional analysts. Occasionally, gatherings take place solely for the purposes of oral examination. At the oral examination, the candidate brings her/his positively evaluated written work, which serves as a draft for professional discussion and examination. In addition, the candidate brings three tape recordings with five minutes of recorded work with a client in order for the committee members to see the candidate’s work. After candidate’s evaluation in duration between an hour and a half and three hours, the committee evaluates the candidate. If the mark is positive, the candidate becomes a Certified Transactional Analyst (CTA). TA trainers. After one year of becoming Certified Transactional Analyst, the person can apply for some of the trainer levels. There exist three TA trainer levels. The first one is TA instructor i.e. trainer that has the right to teach basic education only (TA 101). The second level is provisional TA trainer and the third and higher level is permanent TA trainer. The provisional or interim TA trainer needs to have a permanent TA trainer as a supervisor, and s/he receives provisional status because of its duration of seven years. S/he can educate persons at basic and advanced level. In order for a person to become a provisional trainer s/he needs to receive a written consent of two permanent trainers and s/he needs to choose one type of special training in duration of few days organized by international or regional association (Training Endorsement Workshop). When the persons chooses to transfer from a status of provisional to a status of permanent trainer, s/he needs to take a final examination; s/he presents her/his work before an international committee in order to demonstrate her/his teaching skills and the committee than evaluates her/his work. In order for a provisional trainer to take a final examination, s/he needs to have at least two candidates under her/his supervision that have become certifies transactional analysts. The reader shall find this process very complex and lengthy and the author of this text is the first permanent TA trainer in this part of the world called Eastern Europe. TA supervisors. Some people prefer to be educators and trainers, while others prefer to be supervisors only. Certainly, it is possible for a person to be a trainer and supervisor at the same time. There exist two types of official titles for TA supervisors, and those are provisional and permanent (same applies to trainers). The principle of acquiring these titles is identical with the TA trainers, with the difference that here one learns supervision theory and supervisory skills. While the provisional supervisors supervise future therapists, the permanent supervisors can supervise a supervision (supervising the work of provisional supervisor). Prerequisites for becoming Certified Transactional Analyst in Psychotherapy The basic postulate of professional and ethical standards argues that only a certified person can call oneself a Certified Transactional Analyst. The minimal conditions for taking an examination and receiving title of Certified Transactional Analyst are the following: 250 hours of advanced training; 75 hours of TA supervision (out of which 40 hours need to be spent with a supervisor); 500 hours of applied TA in work with patients/clients within minimum time period of 18 moths; and certain number of self-development work or script analysis. The last condition depends on the supervisor; in Europe the tendency is to complete around 250 hours on self-development work in different therapeutic frames (group work, individual sessions, partner work, etc.). Problems with training in our country Although, in our country exists an official transactional analysis education for more than twenty-five years, only thereabout 20 persons have gained certificates. There is a great disproportions between the number of people that complete the initial training (approximately 2.500 people have completed it within the aforementioned time period) and the number of people that have become Certified Transactional Analysts. According to the estimations, out of every 125 candidates, only one receives a certificate. Although, part of these results can be explained by the broader historical context in the past decade, still such result suggests of the various shortcoming of the training itself. This stagnation is not present only in our country, therefore suggesting that the process can be found throughout the world at different training levels. For example, lately there has been an initiative to redefine the status of provisional trainer and supervisor to become permanent in sense of establishing new rank of "permanent provisional" trainer. The reason for such initiative is due to the large number of provisional trainers that have not dared to take the final examination even after fourteen years of provisional status. The national association for transactional association is called TA Centre – Serbian Association of Transactional Analysts and it currently has five internationally acknowledged trainers and supervisors (one permanent trainer and supervisor, one provisional trainer and supervisor and three instructors). Currently the educational programmes take place in Belgrade, Novi Sad, Subotica, Vršac and Sombor. The TA Centre is not connected with the European TA organization, but with the international (ITAA). For further details about the training as well as links to other web-sites, visit the following web-site: www.TACentar.net There has been an intensive discussion regarding the criticism of the existing training and its lack of adjustment to our circumstances. There have been suggested number of modifications for the training. One of the solutions for our country is to define new transactional analysis modality, Transactional Analysis Psychotherapy and Transactional Analysis Counseling. The relation between this model and transactional analysis would be similar to the relation between psychoanalytical psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. The training system would be twofold: in the first phase in duration of two years one would acquire the title Transactional Analysis Counselor. The candidates that have the desire and opportunity to further education, in the following two years would acquire the title Transactional Analysis Psychotherapist. This model foresees granting honorary certificates to accomplished individuals that have undertaken certain TA education, however, have never been certified or have no interest to pursue official certification. The international system of transactional analysis education and certification is connected to the International Transactional Analysis Association (I.T.A.A.) and one independent body called Training and Certification Council of Transactional Analysts (T.C.C.). It is important to emphasize that those two organizations started with their work during the lifetime of Eric Bern, the founder of transactional analysis. It had very strong influence upon setting of standards for transactional analysis education in global terms. One training and certification system was unified for the entire world. Transactional analysis education is bound with the existance of official trainers. Those trainers, as certified individuals, and in the last decade associated in educational centres and institutes, represent the agents that spread transactional analysis in different countries. The education and training principle is the following: certified trainer gathers a group of interested candidates for education and supervision and based on international standards s/he prepares them for transactional analysis international examination. The person that fulfils the prescribed conditions (number of hours of advanced training, experience in application of transactional analysis, supervision, etc) and that has satisfactory personal development and sufficient quality in work with clients, takes an international examination. Once the examination is passed, the person receives the qualification of Certified Transactional Analyst. |
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